20th Annual Undergraduate Scholars in Action Days

Best Treatment Interventions for Law Enforcement with PTSD

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Rehabilitation and Disability Studies )
Presenters: Brooke Street
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Michael Accordino

The main goal of this research was to investigate the preventative options out there for law enforcement officers and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is achieved by looking at different treatment interventions that have been scientifically proven to be both reliable, and valid; and to have a deeper understanding of which therapy is the best overall. Examples include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), prolonged exposure therapy (PE), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR), and stress inoculation training (SIT).The literature used was written between the years 2013 to 2023. Different demographics were examined such as age, race, gender, and years of experience. This study aims to provide a deeper purpose. It shows how law enforcement officers do struggle with their mental health, much like the rest of us. Their symptoms may be so severe that they have to retire early, due to not being able to perform their job responsibilities. We as a society have become more vocal about our mental health disorders in hopes to end the stigma surrounding it. If enough awareness is raised about PTSD and its effects on law enforcement themselves, then many may finally be able to get the support they deserve. Not only will this benefit them and their loved ones, it will also benefit the community as a whole.

Collegiate Athlete Perception of Patient-Centered Care & Athletic Trainers

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Athletic Training)
Presenters: Ashley Hayden & Ayako Maeda
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Jessica Barrett

Intro/Background: Athletic trainers are the first to interact with athletes, discovering the best care for them in a collegiate sports setting. A patient's satisfaction and their perception of patient-centered care are important when it comes to athletes receiving care. It is important to understand the impact of delivering patient care in increasing patient/athlete satisfaction. 

Question: Does the provider’s gender impact a collegiate athlete’s satisfaction and their perception of patient-centered care?
Methods: The search strategy and results were focused on peer-reviewed evidence. Using keywords in databases such as PubMed, Journal of Athletic Training, and Springfield College Library Databases; CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus.

Key Findings: Athletes were more comfortable with same-sex athletic trainers providing treatment. Collegiate student-athletes who participated in the NCAA Division I and II were satisfied with the care provided by their athletic trainers. Furthermore, student-athletes felt a positive influence of interaction and respect for needs and preferences from athletic trainers. 

Implications: This research should be applied and taught thoroughly in collegiate settings. As athletic trainers provide care for athletes in the collegiate setting, it is important to understand and provide the best care that would benefit the success of the athlete's college experience as well as their overall well-being. Athletic trainers significantly impact athletes, indicating that actions should be taken to allow athletes to be comfortable and open to their trainers. 

Benefits of Psychological Skills Training for Current and Retired NHL Players

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Athletic Training)
Presenters: Andrea Samson & Sara Crowell
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Jessica Barrett

Athlete mental health has become a prevalent topic of conversation. Mental health problems are prevalent in elite athletes and can oftentimes affect how the individual plays. These disturbances have been connected to traumatic events such as severe injury and overall career dissatisfaction. Psychological skills training, including self-talk therapy, can be used as a technique to improve mental health in elite hockey players after undergoing one of these traumatic events.

Our question is: Would implementing psychological skills training for current and retired NHL players recovering from a traumatic injury positively impact their overall quality of life and career longevity?

Using databases including Medline Complete and Academic Search Complete, we included peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2024. Keywords included “professional hockey players and mental health” and “psychological interventions and athletes,” yielded 595 and 1,139 results, of which we closely investigated a total of 8 articles.

The key findings were that men typically downplay or hide their injuries, especially in contact sports, including hockey, leading to more physical and mental complications. Both current and retired players have an increased risk of mental health disturbances in correlation to career dissatisfaction and a high amount of surgeries/serious injuries. The psychological interventions, including self-talk, were shown to decrease anxiety and other mental distress. After this intervention, people were shown to have a decrease in mood disturbances and a decrease in negative emotions related to injury.

As athletic trainers, our support in keeping athletes healthy both mentally and physically is crucial to their success as an athlete and person. Implementing a care plan involving building back up an athlete's mental health post-injury is important to help them play to the best of their ability at an elite level.

What is the best way to prevent UCL tears in collegiate baseball pitchers?

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Exercise Science/ Athletic Training)
Presenters: Paige Lawrence
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Jessica Barrett

Introduction: Ulnar Collateral Ligament tears are prevalent among athletes who participate in throwing sports. This type of injury can be prevented with various strategies such as rest, rest with icing, and rest with stretching. Question: What is the best way to prevent UCL tears in collegiate baseball pitchers?

Methods: A variety of databases were searched using the following keywords; “UCL injury prevention”, “Injury prevention”, Baseball, Collegiate, “Arm care program”.

Key Findings: Arm care programs that include a combination of stretching, strength building, joint mobility, rest, proper warm-up, cool down and icing indicate favorable results. Programs that might be missing one of these key components can leave room for deficiencies or gray areas that may lead to a UCL injury.

Application: When working with baseball pitchers it is important to incorporate all of the key areas of an arm care program to prevent potential injury. Athletic trainers can use this information to make more informed decisions when creating arm care programs. Coaches can use this information when accounting for rest days as well as warm-up and cool down techniques.

The Impact of Cold Ambient Temperature on Athletic Performance

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Exercise Science/ Athletic Training)
Presenters: Katherine Pagnamenta & Christa Walsh
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Jessica Barrett

When investigating environmental conditions in sport, information is readily available regarding high heat. However, there is very little in terms of guidelines for athletic participation in the cold.

Based on the lack of information, the question we posed was, “How does cold ambient temperature impact the performance of athletes?”

A variety of databases were searched using keywords such as “cold weather,” “Cold temperature,” “athletic performance,” and “athletes.” These keywords were combined with Boolean terms like (Cold Temperature AND athletes) or (cold weather AND athletic performance) in order to guide the research. Numerous journal articles were reviewed, and six were found that directly addressed the question.

Cold ambient temperature leads to deficits in many areas of performance. Some of these deficits include decreases in muscle contraction, decreases in VO2 max values, and delayed reflexes and alertness. Participation in sport during cold weather can also lead to short and long-term health impacts, as well as affect an athlete's hydration status.

These findings help to inform guidelines for sport practice and play, such as when it is too cold to play, warm-up procedures, and clothing recommendations. These guidelines are important to athletes, athletic trainers, coaches and officials in ensuring that it is a safe temperature for competition.

Effectiveness of alternative rehabilitation methods vs R.I.C.E protocol in accelerating recovery for individuals with ankle sprains. 

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Exercise Science / Pre-Professional Athletic Training)
Presenters: Joseph Wong & Mark Thomas
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Jessica Barrett

The R.I.C.E protocol (rest, ice, compression, elevation) has been a commonly used rehabilitation method for acute musculoskeletal injuries for decades. New and improved methods to treat ankle sprains have emerged since then. Therefore, we wanted to know if alternative rehabilitation methods are more effective in accelerating recovery compared to the R.I.C.E protocol for individuals with ankle sprains. The PubMed database was utilized searching keywords (ankle sprain with acceleration) returning 247 results and (ankle sprain with PRICE) with 51 results. The Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Journal (PTJ) was utilized to combine the keywords ankle sprain with mobilization, finding 189 results. 8 articles related to our research question were reviewed and 3 were selected. Key findings suggest new alternative rehabilitation methods are more effective than the R.I.C.E protocol. Outcomes for alternative methods include reduced recovery time, increased ROM, and improved functional strength compared to the standard R.I.C.E protocol. The standard protocol should continue to be used but paired with these alternative rehabilitation methods to focus on the strengthening aspect of recovery. The effectiveness of alternative interventions when compared to the R.I.C.E. protocol can reduce time lost from work or activities such as sports and improve quality of life. Athletic trainers and physical therapists should use a combination of rehabilitation methods to achieve the best results for each individual patient.

Chronic Ankle Instability and Hip Abductor Strength in Females

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Exercise Science /Athletic Training)
Presenters: Emma Glaser
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Jessica Barrett

Background: Ankle injuries are the most common injury in sports. Many ankle sprains lead to recurrent instability which can be classified as chronic ankle instability (CAI). People with CAI tend to rely more heavily on hip strength and it has been found that a lack of hip strength in females creates a higher risk for ACL injury.

Question: In females with chronic ankle instability, is hip abductor strength more important when compared to males with chronic ankle instability?

Methods: Databases such as the Springfield College Library and Google Scholar were used to find research articles.

Findings: Hip strengthening improves CAI in all sexes. The quadriceps angle in females causes them to rely more heavily on their hip muscles during landing. When there is an impairment in ankle proprioception, such as due to CAI or post ankle sprain, females are more likely to compensate at the hip than males. This puts females at a higher risk of injury if they have weak hip abductor strength when compared to males. For females, hip abduction ROM, isometric hip abduction strength, and core stability were significant predictors of unilateral balance.

Application: Females with CAI should prioritize hip abductor training and core stability more than males. Athletic Trainers should routinely assess female athletes for hip abductor strength and implement interventions where needed. Strength and conditioning coaches should incorporate hip abductor strengthening exercises into their program as a form of injury prevention.

Utilizing Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Exercises for Patellofemoral Joint Pain Rehabilitation

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Exercise Science /Athletic Training)
Presenters: Aaron Murakami
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Jessica Barrett

Background: Patellofemoral pain(PFP) also known as patellofemoral pain syndrome(PFPS) can cause acute and chronic pain of the patellofemoral joint(PFJ). It is most common within young active populations. PFP/PFPS is responsible for 25-40% of all knee pain. It can be classified as pain or irritation that is apparent in the PFJ with the absence of other pathology. 

Questions: For people who experience patellofemoral joint pain, what is the effect of weight-bearing exercises compared to non-weight-bearing exercises in the rehabilitation process? 

Methods: The National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement on patellofemoral joint pain was used to find resources. Words such as “weight-bearing” and “non-weight-bearing” were searched through the databases. Furthermore, words like “squat” or other exercises that are known to be weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing were also searched for. 

Key Findings: A combination of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing exercises should be performed. Anyone experiencing patellofemoral joint pain should only perform weight-bearing exercises, such as a squat, from 0-45º of knee flexion.While non-weight-bearing exercises should be performed from 45-90º of knee flexion. 

Applications: The amount of stress that is put on the patellofemoral joint should be limited to aid in the rehabilitation process. The less stress put on the joint the less pain an athlete, patient, or client will endure. A combination of non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing exercises should be included in a rehabilitation program to include all ranges of motion while also putting enough stress without causing more detriment to the joint.

First Responder's Role in Fall Prevention Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health & Health Professions)
Presenters: Kristina Kyle
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Travis Gagen

Unintentional falls are the leading cause of both fatal and nonfatal injuries among those 65 years of age and older in the U.S., resulting in approximately 2.4 million emergency department visits and over 20,000 deaths annually (CDC, 2017; Staats, 2008). Moreover, 33.6% of patients 65 and older who visit an emergency room arrive via ambulance (CDC, 2016). The data suggest that first responders can play a critical role in preventing falls among community-dwelling older adults. Falls are one of the top reasons why older adults visit emergency rooms and have contact with first responders. However, it has been shown that paramedics have limited knowledge on fall-prevention programs, limiting their ability to provide fall-prevention interventions and sufficient geriatric care (Quatman, 2018). It has also been proven that due to the lack of knowledge held by first responders on fall prevention programs, the information about fall prevention programs is not reaching community-dwelling older adults after a call for help after a fall (Newgard, 2022). The purpose of the study is to conduct semi-structured interviews to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and experience of first responder’s role in fall prevention among community-dwelling older adults. This report presents the preliminary results demonstrating common themes expressed by first responders in their roles in responding to/preventing falls among community-dwelling older adults.

The Association Between Social Isolation and Poor Mental and Physical Outcomes in Adults 60 Years and Older

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health)
Presenters: Trinity Sperry
Faculty Sponsor:  Pamela Higgins

BACKGROUND: Within the global demographic of individuals aged 60 and above, mental illness affects approximately 14%, with social isolation and loneliness standing out as significant contributors. Social isolation, a concern impacting 25% of the world's populace, poses a substantial risk to mental health. Notably, older adults bear a heavy burden, with a staggering 95% prevalence rate of at least one chronic disease and 80% facing the challenge of managing two or more.

OBJECTIVE: This literature review seeks to explore the intricate interplay between social isolation and the mental and physical well-being of adults aged 60 and older.

METHODS: The review process involved a meticulous search of PubMed and MEDLINE Complete for relevant studies. A total of six peer reviewed studies meeting stringent inclusion criteria were selected for incorporation in this comprehensive literature review. These studies were required to focus on older adults aged 60 and above and investigate aspects related to social isolation, similar concepts, mental and physical well-being, or quality of life.

RESULTS: The review encompassed a diverse range of study designs, including two qualitative focus groups, one cohort, and three cross-sectional analyses. It revealed that demographic groups such as widowed individuals, those with low income, and individuals with limited education were particularly vulnerable to loneliness. Moreover, loneliness emerged as a significant predictor of heightened psychological distress, thereby elevating the risk of adverse mental and physical health outcomes.

CONCLUSION: The findings underscore a clear association between social isolation and the mental and physical well-being of older adults. With social isolation evolving into a pervasive public health concern, there is an urgent need for further investigation. Future research endeavors should explore comparative analyses against other contributing factors to delineate the specific role of social isolation in causing adverse mental and physical health outcomes.

Timing Matters: Delayed ACLR vs Immediate ACLR

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Athletic Training)
Presenters: Shannon McCloskey & Erin Kelaher
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Jessica Barrett

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are the most common knee injury caused by sudden pivoting or cutting movements, and are predominantly found in female populations. The timeliness of ACLR has been a large debate in relation to the effectiveness of knee stability and return to play efficiency.
This investigation aims to determine if delayed implementation of ACLR impacts the incidence of re-injury of the meniscus compared to immediate implementation in female collegiate athletes.

After searching Springfield College’s Academic Search Complete, PubMed, and Sciencedirect, using the boolean phrase “AND” to culminate relevant articles, and applying the filter “published within 10 years” , 19 articles remained.

Findings indicate that an immediate or early-operative route reported significantly fewer instances of instability. ACL reconstruction within the first three months of initial injury has shown a reduced rate of medial meniscal tears when compared to ACL reconstruction performed more than 3 months after injury. Within female athletes, there are strong indications that ACL ruptures will reoccur contralaterally within the first 24 months, with an increased likelihood that the medial meniscus will subsequently rupture.

These findings call for greater attention and earlier intervention within the female population group regarding finding ways to treat the injury earlier or provide exercise modifications to decrease stress placed on the ACL. Due to the greater incidence of ACL ruptures occurring in female athletes, early or immediate ACLR seems to be the most optimal choice for female collegiate athletes looking to return to play or return to pre-injury activity level.

The Efficacy of Different Treatments for Managing Symptoms of Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome​

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Jenna Feld
Faculty Sponsor:  Pamela Higgins 

Background: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a connective tissue disorder that affects the connective tissue throughout the body. There are many types of EDS, one specific subtype is hypermobile EDS (hEDS), which mainly affects the tendons, and ligaments, causing them to be loose and unstable. This can cause joint injuries such as dislocation and subluxes. Other symptoms include chronic pain, easily bruised skin, digestive issues, heart problems, and fatigue.

Objective: Evaluate the efficacy of different treatment methods in managing symptoms of hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.

Methods: During the research, 142 articles were found in all total databases. Only 6 fit the inclusion criteria. The databases searched were Cinahl, Medline, and Google Scholar. Studies had to be written or translated into English, accessible through Springfield College, and focused specifically on hypermobile EDS, not other subtypes. The articles that were ultimately selected were all published in 2017 or more recently.

Results: The results of this review show that Neurocognitive Rehabilitation Therapy (CRT) and custom-made orthoses are the best two treatment options for the management of hEDS symptoms. CRT saw the most reduction of pain at a 4-point difference on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) with p<0.001. Custom orthoses saw the most reduction in disability with a 14.39 point difference on the Foot Function Index (FFI) with p<0.001. CRT saw the most reduction of fatigue with 6 points on the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) with p<0.05.

Conclusions: The most effective treatment methods for symptoms of hEDS are CRT and custom-made orthoses. Both saw the most improvement in pain, disability, and fatigue. Kinesiology taping, compression garments, and alternative therapies show promise in a multi-dimensional approach, but more research needs to be done to determine if they are effective methods to treat hEDS on their own.

What is more effective conservative treatment in men's collegiate hockey players compared to surgical interventions for an AC joint injury?

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Exercise Science/ Athletic Training)
Presenters: Abigail Cleary
Faculty Sponsor:  Jess Barrett

In men's collegiate hockey, AC joint injury of the shoulder is the third most common injury. There are two types of treatment that can be applied to AC joint injury surgery or conservative treatment, which lets the injury heal over time. Surgical treatment is more invasive, but it can help decrease the risk of re-injury. This led to the question, what is more effective conservative treatment in men's collegiate hockey players compared to surgical interventions for an AC joint injury? When looking for scholarly and peer-reviewed articles, information was found by using the Springfield College database using specific search words then looking through the articles and making note of the methods section as well as a key findings/results section provided with evidence from multiple sources. Keywords that were used in this search process were "men's collegiate hockey injuries", "conservative vs. operative treatment for AC joint injury", and "AC joint injuries". Key findings from the articles were that there was no difference between the two types of treatment in one article. Another article takeaway was that conservative treatment led to significantly improved shoulder function and strength. The last key finding was cost analysis benefits, if surgery was not necessary this should be taken into consideration due to the differences in prices for conservative vs. surgical treatment. Doctors and Athletic Trainers can use this information to recommend the best treatment for a collegiate hockey player who sustains an injury to their AC joint.

Variations of Lower Limb Muscle Strength in Treadmill versus Overground Running Surfaces​​

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Chris Vayda
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Megan Harvey

Background: Understanding the impact of running surfaces on muscle force is of interest to runners, coaches, and medical therapists. This topic can instruct runners in exercise programming and strategies for injury prevention and rehabilitation.

Objective: This literature review investigates the effects of running overground versus the treadmill and how these methods impact lower limb muscle strength.

Methods: PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar databases were searched to find studies focusing on the treadmill and overground running as exposure variables and lower limb muscle strength as the outcome variable. Eight peer-reviewed studies chosen were published between 2014 and 2022. There were 114 physically fit subjects between the ages of 17 and 32. Six of the studies were within-subjects repeated measures crossover design, one was a 2 x 2 between-subjects randomized and one was a randomized crossover design.

Results: Lower limb muscle strength was measured using electromyography (EMG) in four studies, inverse dynamic technology was used by two, bioelectrical impedance technology and tensiomyography were each used in one study. Studies using EMG technology resulted in higher demands in lower limb muscle strength when running overground suggesting a causal association between overground running and increased lower limb muscle strength. Several studies using different measurement systems found greater muscle forces and displacement on the treadmill.

Conclusions: This review found both surfaces contribute to improved fitness. However, overground running elicited greater muscle strength, especially with studies using EMG. The findings add to the ongoing debate of how treadmill differs from overground running and how the body adjusts biomechanically to the varied demands of the surfaces. Additional research should investigate the implications of varied measurement systems when assessing lower limb muscle strength. This will benefit those who want to increase strength and those who may need to decrease muscle activity for rehabilitation therapy.

Prolonged Steroid Use and Cardiovascular Disease

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health)
Presenters: Xavier Cadet
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Megan Harvey

Abstract:

Introduction: Cardiovascular health is critical for well-being, and poor cardiovascular health increases the risk of a heart attack. Risk factors for poor cardiovascular health include smoking, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. Despite several negative side effects, such as high blood pressure and blood clots, athletes and bodybuilders continue to use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). AAS use may also cause poor cardiovascular health.

Objective: This literature review examines the association between prolonged AAS use and cardiovascular disease.

Methods: Articles for this literature review were found on Google Scholar and the keywords used were “steroids”, “cardiovascular disease”, and “heart”. Articles that were selected for the literature review range from 2017-2024. The articles selected were written in English. The articles that had many limitations in the methods section were excluded from my literature review.

Results: A total of 4 studies were included in this literature review. Among the 4 studies, 5 found prolonged use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular toxicity which is inflammation and stress damage to the heart. Cardiovascular toxicity studies examined the effects of AAS on cardiovascular health in rats and found that the rats gained weight.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the 4 studies of this literature review suggest that prolonged use of AAS is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Future research should focus on long-term prospective studies among humans to provide athletes and bodybuilders with appropriate information about the risks of long-term AAS use.

Among Adults, Is Perceived Stress Associated With Being Overweight?

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health)
Presenters: Sean Sabourin
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Megan Harvey

Introduction: Overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) that is greater than or equal to 25. There are many risk factors for being overweight. Being overweight or obese can have a serious impact on an individual's physical and mental health. Carrying extra fat on your body often leads to serious health consequences. Perceived stress is related to a feeling of uncertainty and instability about life and depends on confidence in one's ability to handle difficulties.

Objective: This literature review aims to determine if there is an association between perceived stress and being overweight among adults.
Methods: I used the Springfield College library's website to access the MEDLINE database. The search terms used were: stress, overweight, obesity, overweight adults, associated, and body mass index (BMI). Inclusion criteria for article selection included a publication date within the last five years (2019-current), the age category of "all adults: 19+ years," and it had to be written in English. Exclusion criteria included any articles published before 2019, article titles that included "adolescent," "youth," or "child," and articles written in languages other than English. These criteria yielded seven peer-reviewed research articles, all of which were cross-sectional studies used in this literature review.

Results: Seven articles were found that examined the association between perceived stress and being overweight, all of which found a positive association. These results were true among all participants over the age of 18, as well as students in various undergraduate grade levels and individuals of differing races and ethnicities.

Conclusions: A large amount of research has been done within the last five years that has examined the association between perceived stress and being overweight. This literature review provides a high level of evidence because of each study's large sample size. Perceived stress is often out of an individual's control. It may come from school, work, relationship problems, financial issues, or a plethora of other real-life controversies that can arise. It may be impossible for an individual to fully remove a stressor from their life. Further research needs to be done on minimizing perceived stress among various adult populations. It is evident that stress is contributing to the pandemic of being overweight or obese. Becoming classified as overweight or obese can have a domino effect on individuals, leading to the development of chronic diseases or horrific illnesses that result in large amounts of pain, medical bills, or death in some extreme cases.

Advancements in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment: A Comparative Analysis of Emerging Therapies

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health)
Presenters: Brian Lavoie
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Megan Harvey

Multiple sclerosis (MS) presents a complex autoimmune pathology necessitating diverse therapeutic strategies for managing its progression and symptoms. This research examines the comparative effectiveness of emerging treatments, focusing on Ozanimod, a selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, against established and emerging modalities. Drawing upon recent literature encompassing clinical trials, systematic reviews, and observational studies, this analysis evaluates the efficacy of Ozanimod alongside other disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) such, as but not limited to, natalizumab, tocilizumab, and fingolimod.

Key findings include Ozanimod's superior effects on cognitive processing speed compared to interferon β-1a, as evidenced by improved Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) scores. Studies on natalizumab reveal significant regional disparities in JCV antibody seroconversion rates, emphasizing the importance of geographical factors in treatment risk assessment. Tocilizumab emerges as a promising option for relapsing MOG-IgG-associated disorder (MOGAD). At the same time, plasma exchange demonstrates efficacy in severe neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs), both of which are extremely similar diseases to MS. Furthermore, factors such as demographic characteristics and vitamin D levels are implicated in treatment outcomes, highlighting the need for personalized approaches.

Despite robust statistical analyses and comprehensive study designs, limitations inherent to each research format are acknowledged. Meta-analyses offer statistical power but may be limited by retrospective designs, while observational studies provide detailed analyses but are susceptible to biases. Clinical trials offer high-quality evidence but face challenges in generalizability.

In summary, this research underscores the evolving landscape of MS treatment, emphasizing the importance of personalized approaches informed by diverse therapeutic options. By synthesizing evidence from various studies, this analysis advances our understanding of MS management, guides clinical decision-making, and informs future research directions toward optimizing patient care.

Are Females Participating In College Or Professional Athletics More At Risk Of Developing Eating Disorders Than Males?

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health)
Presenters: Sonia Dugger 
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Megan Harvey

Background: Eating disorders (ED) are mental health conditions defined as severe disturbances in eating behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. Globally, there has been an increase in prevalence from 3.4-7.8%. High self-expectations, perfectionism, competitiveness, and excessive exercise are common traits in athletes. Athletes can become obsessed with their weight, body image, diet, and goals that their health is forgotten, especially in females. ED can become distorted and ignored due to the distraction of their athletic participation. We examined the risk of ED in female collegiate or professional athletes compared to males. 

Methods: A search within MEDLINE Complete and PubMed databases using the keywords, (eating disorders or anorexia or bulimia or disordered eating) AND (""female athletes"" or women athletes). The search was refined to peer-reviewed articles in English that have been published in the past 11 years. The age range for female or male athletes is from 13-40 years old, with a focus on college or professional athletics. The studies chosen consisted of 6 cross-sectional and one cohort study. 

Results: Samples consisted of participants from the ages of 10-40 years old in recreational, collegiate, and professional sports. Some studies showed ED symptoms in non-athletes were higher by 10%-36% than in athletes, while others showed a higher percentage (44% - 56%) in athletes than non-athletes. FA was more likely to restrict food intake, worry about weight gain, BED, and dissatisfaction with appearance. FA are 5.8 times more likely to score higher cognitive ED compared to MA (95% CI: 3.89, 8.71). MA are 4.5 times more likely to score higher in behavioral eating disorder risk than FA. Environmental and social factors had a higher influence on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in females than males. Lean sports showed more ED symptoms.

Conclusion:  Inconsistent findings in the research between athletes versus non-athletes. Some showed that athletes had higher rates of ED compared to non-athletes, while others showed higher prevalence in non-athletes. Most findings show FA and FN are more prone to ED and cognitive eating disorder risks. Environmental and social factors like societal pressures related to body image, appearance, athletic status, parents, peers, the media, and performance significantly influenced ED in female athletes the most. Lean sports showed a higher prevalence of ED and BN symptoms due to sports’ culture. 

The Effects of Breast Milk Consumption on Infant Body System Development

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Health Science/ Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Kayla Jaman
Faculty Sponsor:  Donna Delaney and Pamela Higgins

BACKGROUND: As the infant's body is vulnerable, human breast milk aids and supplies nutrition and protection against illnesses (i.e., common cold, respiratory syncytial virus…). The composition of human breast milk is optimal, guaranteeing infant body development and growth. The oligosaccharides in human milk ensure its prebiotic function, growth factors, and cytokines that influence infant cells' maturation, proliferation, and growth.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of breast milk consumption on infant body system development. Exploring the impact of breast milk consumption on the infant's body system development focuses on three variables: Immune system development, cardiovascular development, and neurodevelopment.

METHODS: Articles were collected from the following databases: PubMed, National Institutes of Health, and ScienceDirect. Databases were used to find studies that examine/investigate the effects of breast milk consumption on infant body system development.

RESULTS: Data presents the improvement in cardiovascular and immune system development of infants that consume breast milk. There is a positive correlation between being exposed to human breast milk in the early stages of life and the heart functions of adults who are born prematurely. The osteopontin protein in breast milk is also positively associated with infant immune system development and growth. However, there wasn't a significant difference in neurodevelopment between the effects of breast milk compared to formula consumption.

CONCLUSION: Breast milk supports the development of the infant's cardiac and immune systems. Breast milk also aids in neurodevelopment, but there isn't a significant difference in its effect on neurodevelopment compared to formula consumption.

The Effects of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on Occupational Performance in Children with Hemiplegia

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Emma Sullivan
Faculty Sponsor: Pamela Higgins

BACKGROUND: In the United States, approximately 500,000 children under the age of 18 have been diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP). Children with CP often have hemiplegia. Hemiplegia is one-sided paralysis due to damage in parts of the brain and spinal cord that control motor function. The intervention being assessed to improve motor function in children with hemiplegia is constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). CIMT focuses on remedying hand function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy by restraining their dominant arm. Occupational performance is actions that focus on motor skills to improve daily life. In children with hemiplegia, occupational performance outcomes include grip strength, elbow extension, and overall use of the affected arm.

OBJECTIVE: This literature review aimed to assess the effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy in improving occupational performance in children with hemiplegia.

METHODS: PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were used to find research studies. Studies needed to be written in English and published within the previous five years. Studies needed to include children with hemiplegia who participated in constraint-induced movement therapy with an assessment of occupational performance.

RESULTS: CIMT increased occupational performance in three of the four studies evaluated. Both RCTs and the retrospective, exploratory study found statistically significant improvements using CIMT in children with hemiplegia. The case series compared CIMT to bimanual therapy and found that bimanual therapy showed clinically significant improvements in hand function. It found CIMT to have statistically significant improvement, but not clinically significant improvement.

CONCLUSIONS: CIMT improves occupational performance in children with hemiplegia, but the studies have limitations. In proving the effectiveness of this intervention, families will gain more insight into worthwhile therapies for their children. Future studies should determine what severity level in motor function would benefit most from CIMT.

The Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Behavioral Skills of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Celia Fogarty
Faculty Sponsor:   Megan Harvey

Introduction: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including deficits in social reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and skills in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships. Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is a goal-oriented intervention that focuses on how incorporating an animal, such as a dog or a horse, in therapy can improve an individual's health. This literature review aims to determine if AAT positively impacts behavioral skills, including communication, social interaction, and self-control, in individuals with ASD.

Methods: Two databases were searched (CINAHL and MEDLINE Complete). Eligible randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies included those with individuals diagnosed with ASD or probable ASD who received an AAT intervention, including canine or equine assistance in therapy, assessing outcomes of communication, social interaction, and self-control skills.

Results: A total of six studies were included: three randomized controlled trials and three quasi-experimental studies. All six studies showed a positive association between AAT and improved behavioral skills, with variations in which skills improved and by how much.The research consisted of four equine-assisted therapy studies positively impacting communication (p=.003, ES=0.63; p=.01, ES=0.54), social interaction (p=0.05; ES=41, ES=0.517), and self-control skills (p=.001; ES=0.53). The research also consisted of two additional canine-assisted therapy studies positively impacting communication (p=.042; ES=0.32) and social interaction skills (p<.001; ES=0.62) ( self-control was not assessed).

Conclusion: AAT, including canine and equine-assisted therapy, may positively impact behavioral skills, including communication, social interaction, and self-control, in individuals with ASD.

The Association Between Method of Fetal Delivery and Postpartum Recovery in Pregnant Women

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Katherine Calderón
Faculty Sponsor:   Pamela Higgins 

Background: Pregnancy and delivery affect women physically, mentally, and socially. During the postpartum period, the mother needs to recover and get used to her new lifestyle. It takes six weeks to recover following delivery; many women suffer from postpartum complications due to labor and fetal delivery position. Postpartum recovery affects both the mother and the newborn.

Objective: This study aims to see if there is an association between methods of fetal delivery and postpartum recovery in pregnant women.

Methods: This literature collected reviews using PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords used to find these articles were "labor," "postpartum recovery," "mother," and "positions." Articles selected were written in English and published within the years 2020-2024, with one article published in 2014.

Results: The articles showed that the supine position is the best-known position to give birth because it is the safest and most common position yielding labor duration. The sitting position had a shorter duration of the second stage of labor, higher rates of spontaneous vaginal births, fewer episiotomies, and a more positive childbirth experience compared with those who assumed the lithotomy position. Additionally, women who decide to use epidurals have lower chances of multiple risks.

Conclusions: The position a woman gives birth in is associated with postpartum recovery. Some of the findings are affected by limitations such as small sample sizes. Therefore, future studies should use larger sample sizes and include a wider age range.

Effects of Breastfeeding on Childhood Development

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project ( Health Science)
Presenters: Richard Boakye
Faculty Sponsor:   Pamela Higgins 

Background: According to the 2023 global breastfeeding scorecard, exclusive breastfeeding rates have decreased by ten percentage points over the past decade, reaching an all-time low of 48%. Also, only 44% of babies born under six months old are exclusively breastfed.

Objective and purpose: The driving factor of this literature review is to answer the research question, "What are the effects of breastfeeding on early childhood development?".

Method: This literature review comprises peer-reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2023 from sources such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Search terms such as "breastfeeding," "childhood development," "exclusive breastfeeding," "childhood obesity," "cognitive development," and "children malnutrition" were used to help find the articles.

Results: The summary of the results from all the various studies suggested that children breastfed had a much more explosive and increased childhood development. There was a low risk of childhood diseases and obesity; they had better motor functions than children who were not breastfed.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the collection of studies examined highlights the multifaceted benefits of breastfeeding for both infants and mothers across various domains of health and development. Findings underscore the protective role of breastfeeding against childhood obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, and cognitive impairments while also emphasizing its positive impact on early brain development and behavioral outcomes. Further studies and investigations are needed to draw a direct correlation between breastfeeding and childhood development.

Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Alcohol Abuse/Misuse in Adolescents: A Literature Review  

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Health Science)
Presenters: Marli Waldron
Faculty Sponsor:   Pamela Higgins 

Introduction: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are widely recognized as significant predictors of substance misuse, including alcohol abuse, in later life. With a substantial portion of the adult population reporting exposure to ACEs, the link between such experiences and adverse health outcomes necessitates a more profound understanding to inform intervention strategies.

Methods: The literature review used CINAHL and PubMed databases, focusing on articles published between 2019 and 2024. Keywords related to childhood trauma, alcohol, and young adults were utilized, narrowing down 279 articles to 44 relevant pieces. The inclusion criteria were stringent, considering only articles written in English and excluding literature or systematic reviews, resulting in the selection of six studies encompassing cross-sectional, quantitative, and prospective cohort methodologies.

Results: Across the studies, ACEs were consistently linked to increased alcohol use, drug use, and violent behavior in young adulthood. The research utilized validated instruments to measure exposure to ACEs and outcomes, with large and diverse samples enhancing the generalizability of findings. However, the reliance on cross-sectional data and self-reported measures limits the ability to draw causal inferences.

Conclusion: The literature review affirms that individuals with a history of ACEs are at a significantly higher risk of alcohol misuse in young adulthood, pointing to the necessity of early interventions. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies and incorporate objective measures of ACEs and alcohol use to further our understanding of these relationships and inform targeted support strategies for those affected by early-life adversities.

The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Nolan Ellis
Faculty Sponsor:   Pamela Higgins 

BACKGROUND: College students are increasingly struggling with poor sleep quality, which may impact their mental health and overall well-being. Insomnia prevalence rates range between 30% and 60% in the population of college students.

OBJECTIVE: The literature review aims to investigate the effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on college students with poor sleep quality compared to traditional-aged individuals who maintain healthy sleep habits.

METHODS: The two databases used to find CBT studies on college students with poor sleep quality were PUBMED and MEDLINE. The search was narrowed to include only articles from the past ten years and those available in English.

RESULTS: Of the four studies highlighted, two were cross-sectional, and two were randomized controlled trials. These studies collectively suggest that CBT has a considerable and positive impact on improving sleep quality in college students with poor sleep hygiene.

CONCLUSIONS: Some studies rely on self-report measures for assessing sleep quality and mental health symptoms. This can introduce recall bias, potentially affecting the accuracy of the reported data. The degree of impact and the long-term sustainability of these benefits require further investigation. Future research should focus on more diverse populations, and longer follow-up periods to fully understand the interventions.

The Association Between Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Breast Cancer

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Kaelyn Croteau
Faculty Sponsor:   Megan Harvey 

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in women globally. Various factors have been linked to increasing the risk of breast cancer, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

Objective: This literature review investigates the association between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the risk of breast cancer.

Methods: Articles for this literature review were found by searching the Medline database, using specific key terms related to breast cancer, endocrine disruptors, and exposure to chemicals in personal care products. Additional relevant articles were identified from the references in the primary search results. Inclusion criteria encompassed articles published between 2013 and the present, written in English, and consisting of original research.

Results: A total of six studies were included in this literature review. Studies showed mixed associations between different endocrine-disrupting chemicals and breast cancer risk. There were mixed associations between PFAS and Parabens and their impact on breast cancer, with some indicating increased risk and others showing no association. Phthalates and phenols also showed no association. Higher serum levels of POPs correlated with increased breast cancer risk. In-utero exposure to DES doubled breast cancer risk.

Conclusion: Of the six studies looked at, four of them found that endocrine-disrupting chemicals increased the risk of breast cancer, one found no association between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and breast cancer, and one study found that endocrine-disrupting chemicals lead to both an increased and decreased risk of breast cancer. Future research should prioritize higher-quality evidence, such as randomized controlled trials, to establish causal relationships. Additionally, replication studies will enhance the validity of findings.

Effect of Physical Health in the Decompression Sickness Among Scuba Divers

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Lie Xu
Faculty Sponsor:   Pamela Higgins

BACKGROUND: Decompression sickness, also called generalized barotrauma or the bends, refers to injuries caused by a rapid decrease in the pressure that surrounds you, of either air or water. It occurs most commonly in scuba or deep-sea divers, although it also can occur during high-altitude or unpressurized air travel.

OBJECTIVE: This review examines the association between physical well-being and decompression sickness. Physical well-being is defined as a state of well-being when all internal and external body parts, organs, tissues, and cells can function as they are supposed to. There are approximately 2.5 million active scuba divers in the US and as many as 6 million active scuba divers worldwide. Recent studies have included 12, and eight are excluded because they do not fit the research question. They were left with one case-control study, one survey research, and two single-blinded research.

METHODS: Articles found for this literature review are from Medline Complete and Springfield College Library Databases. The terms used to narrow down the research were "Scuba diving," "Scuba," "Diving," "Physical health," "Physical well-being," "Physical illness," "Physical health problems," "Decompression sickness," and "Decompression illness." The articles selected were written in English, have a full-text PDF, were peer-reviewed, and were published in the last ten years, from 2013 - 2023.

RESULTS: The one case-control study, one survey research, and two single-blinded research show that physical health is related to decompression sickness; the healthier one is, the less likely they will get a DCS, and DCS can also cause injury and future illness.

CONCLUSIONS: This literature review provides a high level of evidence, but it has limitations, including a questionnaire that could result in recall bias; the studies only had a few participants, except for the questionnaire study one, which had 2848 people. More participants could be included in the rest of the studies, but the effect size needs to be more significant. Overall, the studies have supported that physical health is related to the occurrence of decompression sickness. Still, future studies are required to understand this further due to the limitations and sample size.

Association Between POTS Syndrome and Athletics 

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Sophie Curcio
Faculty Sponsor:   Pamela Higgins

BACKGROUND: POTS, or Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome, is a medical condition primarily affecting the autonomic nervous system. It is characterized by an abnormal increase in heart rate when transitioning from lying down to standing up. This rapid increase in heart rate can lead to various symptoms and is often accompanied by a drop in blood pressure. The prevalence of POTs syndrome is around 0.2% of world population. It affects between one and three million people in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the association between postural orthostatic hypertension syndrome and athletics, and how POTS affects athletic performance in competitive athletes.

METHODS: Three databases were used to find how exercise in POTS patients can affect their quality of life: MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar. I excluded findings that were older than five years, the range from 2019-2024 and set my search to peer reviewed articles. The key words I used: “Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome”, “POTS, “Collegiate Athletes”, “College Sports”, “Athletics” and “Associations”.

RESULTS: Of the 4 studies within the review… 2 were RCT’s, and 2 were Case Designs. The overall theme of the studies was to show how exercise can worsen patients symptoms.

Conclusions: Social support is a primary contributor to athlete’s quality of life with POTS. A central symptom of POTS is tachycardia, which can be life-threatening; therefore, many athletes find comfort in verbal affirmations and encouragement, as well as physical monitoring for correct doses of heart rate.

Acupuncture Treatments For Amputees With Phantom Limb Pain

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project ( Health Science)
Presenters: Kerianne O'Brien
Faculty Sponsor:   Megan Harvey

BACKGROUND: The main goal of this literature review is to investigate the effects of different acupuncture treatments for amputees suffering with Phantom Limb Pain (PLP). This research has found that acupuncture is an effective, low-risk, treatment for amputees compared to other medical treatments or therapies. These treatments include Traditional Chinese Acupuncture (TCA), Electroacupuncture (EA), Contralateral Acupuncture (CAT), Fu's Subcutaneous Needling (FSN), and Scalp Acupuncture (SA). The data collected was represented to determine the effects of these acupuncture treatments on the phantom limb pain of amputees.

METHODS: This literature review took place in the years 2014 - 2023. From six articles, two randomized controlled trials and four case reports, all in English with participants over 18 with a starting PLP rate at a 4-5/10, a total of 49 participants (n=49) were eligible for the study. 100% of the participants who were treated with acupuncture for their phantom limb pain saw a significant decrease in their pain level. The main measurement tools included self-reported pain scales to determine the effects of the acupuncture treatment at hand.

RESULTS: The treatment groups receiving the acupuncture had a more significant decrease in PLP than the control groups without acupuncture treatment. The RCT’s results on TCA in 2016 and 2022 both show a higher significance of a decrease in PLP than the control group. In 2016 the treatment group had a raw change of 2.69 compared to the control group with a raw change of only 1.00, and in 2022, the TCA treatment group had a raw change of 4.2 while the control group only had a raw change of 2.6. Three of the studies consisting of one participant each (n=3), reported having 0% PLP after the acupuncture treatment sessions. Analysis of a nine-month and 3-year follow up revealed that acupuncture is a long term, effective solution for phantom limb pain.

CONCLUSION: Using acupuncture as a treatment option for amputees with PLP has been proven to decrease the pain of the phantom limb. Phantom Limb Pain negatively affects the quality of life of many amputees. By using acupuncture for the relief of pain, amputees can rely on a low-risk, long-term solution for effectively decreasing or getting rid of their phantom limb pain.

The effectiveness of dance movement therapy as a treatment for adolescents and adults with anxiety.

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Rosa Barnaba
Faculty Sponsor:   Megan Harvey

Background: Anxiety disorders are prevalent mental health challenges affecting adolescents and adults worldwide. These disorders manifest through symptoms such as excessive worry, fear, and physiological arousal, leading to significant impairment in daily functioning. Dance movement therapy (DMT) has emerged as a therapeutic modality aimed at addressing anxiety by utilizing expressive movement to integrate emotional, cognitive, and physical aspects of individuals. Understanding the effectiveness of DMT in treating anxiety is crucial for improving mental health outcomes.

Objective: The purpose of this literature review is to examine existing evidence to evaluate the potential benefits and limitations of DMT as a therapeutic approach for anxiety disorders.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE). Search terms included "dance movement therapy," "music therapy," "art therapy," "adolescents," "movement therapy," "anxiety," "depression," and "stress." Peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2024 and written in English were included. Studies focusing on the effects of arts and movement therapies on anxiety, depression, and stress were analyzed, while non-peer-reviewed or non-human studies were excluded.

Results: The review identified [6] studies showcasing promising results of arts and movement therapies in improving psychological well-being and reducing anxiety, depression, and stress levels among adolescents and adults. Various interventions, including group arts therapy, dance therapy based on the Satir model, and Dance Movement Therapy (DMT), demonstrated significant improvements in measured outcomes. Studies utilized diverse methodologies and outcome measures, indicating the global relevance and applicability of DMT as a therapeutic intervention.

Conclusions: This literature review suggests that DMT may be an effective treatment for adolescents and adults with anxiety. Despite limitations such as small sample sizes and lack of long-term follow-up data, the findings highlight the potential of DMT in promoting mental well-being. Future research should focus on addressing these limitations through large-scale randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up periods and investigations into underlying mechanisms.

The Safe and Consistent Benefits of Supplementing Creatine on Muscle Strength

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Jacob Smelstor
Faculty Sponsor:   Megan Harvey

Background: Muscle strength is the maximum output of effort the muscle can produce at one time. It's crucial to a muscle's performance, longevity, and overall health. Creatine is a supplement that is naturally produced and stored in the body within our muscles. Creatine aids in exercise by adding energy and hydration, reducing recovery time, preventing injury, and assisting in muscle mass growth. Supplement or not, the results of a training regime lead to improved muscular strength. However, when supplementing creatine, muscular strength improves even more. 

Objective : The purpose of this review is to find the effects of supplementing creatine on skeletomuscular strength through reviewing literature that tests various maximum power output tests, like jumps, sprints, one repetition, maximum lifts, etc., while supplementing creatine.

Methods: PubMed and Medline Complete were the databases searched for the research articles. Both databases used the keywords ""Creatine supplementation,"" athletes, and strength. Articles must be between 2014 and 2024 and had to be in the English language.

Results: The studies analyzed in this review looked for comparisons between control and placebo groups. Three of the randomized controlled trials found that there was a positive correlation between creatine supplementation and muscle strength. One study found no correlation between the two. Another study found a slight correlation between creatine and strength. The last study found other outcomes from creatine supplementation, like endurance and power output exercises (sprints & jumps).

Conclusions: The research shows that even with shorter exposure times and sample sizes, creatine supplementation is a safe and productive way to aid muscle strength-building alongside training. An exposure period of a minimum of 2 months or eight weeks is needed best to illustrate the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle strength; thus, more research is required.

Is social media use between 8-12 hours associated with anxiety in young adults?

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Mya Eugene
Faculty Sponsor:   Megan Harvey

Background: Anxiety disorder are prevalent among young adults. There are several forms of anxiety, such as generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. 4% of the global population currently experience a type of anxiety disorder. Experiencing anxiety as a young adult comes with a variety of adverse effects, including social isolation, inability to work or study, clinical depression and also panic attacks which are just some of the many negative effects that comes with anxiety. There are many risk factors for developing anxiety. One such risk factor may be excessive use of social media. Social media is widely used by an estimated 66.2% of the world’s population (about 5.34 billion people). On average, teenagers ages 13-19 spend 4.8 hours per day on social media, for those who spend 8-12 hours daily.

Objective: This literature review aims to determine the association between using social media 8- 12 hours daily and anxiety in young adults aged 11- 34.

Methods: Two databases, PubMed and MEDLINE, were used to find studies that examined the association between social media usage use and anxiety in young adults. Studies were included in the literature review if they were published between 2015 and 2024, they also must be written in english. Each study had to focus on young adults aged 11 to 35 who used social media excessively. Each study also needed to focus on anxiety among their participants. Social media was measured by self reported surveys or questionaires as well as screen time that were provided by iphone users. The study designs that were used were cross-sectional study, prospective cohort study, meta analysis and a randomized controlled study which were gathered from these databases after inclusion and exclusion criteria were acceptable. Each study observed young adults who used social media for an extended amount of time per day and measured the association with anxiety in their participants.

Results: A total of six studies were included in this literature review, including 1 meta-analysis, 2 randomized controlled trials, 2 prospective cohort studies, and 1 cross-sectional study. All six studies observed a significant increase in anxiety and other mental disorders in young adults who use social media more than 8-12 hours a day.

Conclusion: This literature review provides broad evidence that excessive social media usage is associated with higher anxiety in young adults. Future research should focus on understanding if there is a safe amount of daily social media usage and how young adults can reduce their use of social media.

Decreased Renal System Function Due to Creatine Consumption: A Literature Review

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Christian Caruso
Faculty Sponsor:   Megan Harvey

Background: Kidney health issues, ranging from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease (CKD), pose significant challenges in modern medicine. CKD, characterized by a gradual decline in kidney function, has become a growing health concern due to its increasing incidence in the United States among young athletes. Additionally, certain medications, such as NSAIDs and nephrotoxic agents, further exacerbate the risk of renal impairment. Given the growing popularity of creatine supplements among athletes and fitness enthusiasts, this literature review examines the association between creatine supplementation and renal function impairment.

Objective: To determine whether creatine supplementation is associated with adverse effects on renal health, specifically if it increases the risk of renal dysfunction or worsens existing renal pathology.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search targeted studies investigating the impact of creatine on kidney function, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses.

Results: There were a total of 8 different studies that were observed to find out the correlation between creatine and kidney function. Three of them were animal studies suggesting that creatine supplementation does affect renal biomarkers in rats as well as monkeys. One study observed elevated hepatic and renal biomarkers in rats, suggesting kidney stress. Three studies among humans, however, found no significant adverse effect of creatine supplementation on kidney function.

Conclusions: While animal studies suggest that creatine supplementation is associated with renal stress, human studies show no significant impact on kidney function. Further research is needed to fully understand long-term consequences, however, particularly in diverse populations and with prolonged use. This understanding is crucial for informed decision-making among athletes, coaches, and healthcare professionals regarding creatine supplementation.

Using Cognitive Stimulation Therapy to Improve Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Alzheimer's Disease.

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Ryan Costello
Faculty Sponsor:   Pamela Higgins

Background: In the United States, 6.9 million older adults (65+) are living with Alzheimer's disease. A yearly increase in the prevalence of Alzheimer's in Americans is due to an aging population and increased life expectancy. As the disease develops, it gradually impairs memory, behavior, judgment, language, and other cognitive functions, leading to a dependence on others and an inability to perform activities of daily living.

Objective: This literature review examines the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation therapy on maintaining or improving cognitive function in older adult populations diagnosed with mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive stimulation therapy involves weekly group treatment sessions where various exercises and activities are implemented.

Methods: This literature review includes peer-reviewed articles from the past five years selected from CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PubMed. A population including older adults (60+) diagnosed with mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease was mandatory. Articles were included if they implemented cognitive diagnostic tools such as the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) or the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog) to determine score levels pre-, post, and follow-up to the exposure. Six randomized controlled trials and one case-control study were selected for this literature review.

Results: All studies in this literature review support a mild-strong association between cognitive stimulation therapy and cognitive function improvement in older adults. Five studies observed significant increases in test scores post-intervention, while two support a mild association. Control groups in all seven studies reported a decrease in scores post-intervention and a further decline in follow-up scores. Follow-up scores in experimental groups were maintained or declined back to baseline scores.

Conclusion: A strong association between cognitive stimulation therapy and maintaining or improving cognitive function was observed. The current research does not account for potential confounding variables such as diet, medication, physical activity, sleep quality, and social interactions. More repetition considering confounding variables into account with larger sample sizes is needed to determine how CST can positively impact the cognitive function of Alzheimer's patients.

Increased Cancer Risk in Medical Radiology Departments Due to Ionizing Radiation Exposure: A Literature Review

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Aliyah Heideman
Faculty Sponsor:   Pamela Higgins

Background: Cancer stands as a formidable cause of mortality globally, with occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, notably in medical contexts like radiology, posing a significant risk factor. This literature review disseminates the results of the specific hazards faced by radiological and nuclear medicine workers while operating medical technologies that inform crucial treatment strategies for patients. Such exposure has been linked to an elevated cancer risk among these professionals.

Methods: Utilizing databases such as PubMed, Medline, GreenFile, BioMed, and with the inclusion of data publications over ten years between 2014 and 2024, being a peer-reviewed article in the English Language, six pertinent articles were identified for comprehensive analysis in this literature review.

Results: The results yielded a diverse spectrum of outcomes, with specific studies suggesting a positive correlation between radiation exposure and cancer risk within radiological departments, while others found no discernible association. Findings for the studies showed a mixed result, with some indication of positive correlations of the risk found in the radiological departments, while others found no association determined. The studies varied in methodology, sample sizes, and location across the globe, with limitations that included the determination of confounding factors, follow-up, and the effect of outliers presented in studies. Employing Bradford Hill's Criteria to gauge causality, a tentative association emerged between occupational radiation exposure and cancer risk among participants.

Conclusion: Further investigations incorporating larger sample sizes, extended follow-up periods, and meticulous examination of outlier influences are critical to highlight the intricate relationship between these variables. Enhanced comprehension of this association will bridge the knowledge gap between research findings and healthcare practitioners, facilitating the implementation of adequate protective measures for all medical professionals. This research underscores the paramount importance of addressing this substantial public health concern to mitigate the morbidity and mortality associated with occupational cancer among radiological professionals.

The Association Between Balance Training and Fall Risk in Older Adults

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project ( Department of Public Health and Health Professions)
Presenters: Lydia O'Brien
Faculty Sponsor:   Pamela Higgins

BACKGROUND: Falls are the leading cause of injury in adults sixty-five years of age and older. About thirty-six million falls happen in older adults annually. Falls can result in injuries such as breaking the wrist, arm, ankle, and hip, and even death.

OBJECTIVE: This literature review examines if balance training reduces the risk of falling in the older adult population.

METHODS: Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, were used to identify peer-reviewed articles. The articles needed to be published between 2019 and 2024, examine the association between balance training and fall risk, and use participants ages sixty-five years and older. Six studies were included for review.

RESULTS: All six of the included studies observed a decreased risk of falling in the older adults who participated in the balance training compared to those who did not participate in the balance training. Four studies found significant improvements in balance and reductions in fall risk. One study found that balance training reduced falls by 60%.

CONCLUSION: This literature review demonstrates that older adults who participate in balance training have a lower risk of falling compared to those who do not participate. The evaluated studies provided quality evidence as they were all randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental study designs. However, many of the studies had a limitation of having a small study sample. Falling is a significant problem in the older population, so this research is crucial for ensuring their safety. Reducing the risk of falling in older adults can prevent injuries and reduce medical costs. Future research should continue using experimental study designs to examine the association in order to provide further evidence and support on this topic. Researchers should also use larger study samples to improve generalizability.

Health is Determined by Wealth: A Review of the Literature on Income levels and the frequency of Emergency Department Visits

Subject: Critical Interpretation Project (Health Science)
Presenters: Elma Kolenovic
Faculty Sponsor: Megan Harvey

Abstract: The emergency department (ED) serves as a crucial resource for urgent medical care, but comes with significant financial implications. It may be particularly financially devastating for those in the lowest income bracket, who may have poorer health outcomes and additional financial strain because of their reliance on emergency medical services. Understanding the association between income level and the use of care in the ED can offer valuable insights for developing future health insurance and healthcare policies.

Objective: This literature review investigate the association between income level and the frequency of ED visits. The databases accessed for this literature review were from the Springfield College library online research databases and interlibrary loan resources. Search terms were; healthcare costs, emergency department admissions, rapid medical care, socioeconomic status, income inequality, wealth disparities, and healthcare access. Inclusion criteria were structured for articles that were no more than 20 years old and were relevant to income levels and Emergency department admissions. Other inclusion criteria included that the studies were written in English and the sample people studies represented the population. Exclusion criteria were studies that did not focus on emergency department admissions and that were geared toward outpatient admissions. Other exclusion criteria were literature reviews that only included one income level and were not inclusive of other income levels. The overall results of this literature review conveyed that specifically, access to adequate health care can prevent the need for immediate medical attention. This was shown in the fourth study “Reduced hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and costs associated with a web-based health literacy, aligned-incentive intervention: Mixed methods study” by Jeffrey Greene, Jolie Haun, Dustin French, Susan Chambers, and Robert Roswell in 2019. The results of this study portrayed that employees who were given access to the MAIT program resulted in lower emergency department admission rates. There was not a direct conclusion that was able to be drawn from income levels and emergency department visits but other socioeconomic and environmental factors were found. Conclusions based on this literature review have been found to link the correlation between emergency room visits to socioeconomic factors that can be influenced by income levels. Further research should be done to determine if healthcare disparities caused by poverty can be related to the need for emergency department visits.

Keywords=
aligned incentives; health care costs; health literacy; information therapy; mutual accountability; cost control; morbidity rates.

Female Incarceration

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Criminal Justice)
Presenters: Amanda Coelho 
Faculty Sponsor:  Francesca Spina

Ever since 1980, the female incarcerated population has increased six times. This is due to a drastic change in laws and policies that relate to involvement of women and crime. It is true that the rate of men in prison has increased also, but the rate of women being incarcerated has gone up exponentially quicker than men nationally. For the most part, women did not undergo a cultural shift and suddenly pursue criminal lives, the system was altered to work against them. I wanted to study this to shed a light on something that isn't researched as much as it should be and the systemic issues outside of the Criminal justice system that take part in this issue.

Restorative Justice in Education

Subject: Critical Interpretation Project  (Criminal Justice)
Presenters: Kalia Rose
Faculty Sponsor:  Dr. Spina

This research aims to identify a solution for the school-to-prison pipeline through restorative justice practices and social-emotional learning (SEL) use in the education system. Restorative justice is a multi-disciplinary approach that encompasses indigenous practices, motivational interviewing, and other evidence-based approaches from social science research. Restorative justice in education focuses on the comprehensive approach regarding school culture that prioritizes relational teaching styles, strengthening social and emotional competencies for adults and students, promoting justice and equity, nurturing relationships, repairing harm, and transforming conflict. This research examines the literature and provides case studies regarding implementing restorative practices and incorporating social-emotional learning in classrooms and schools. These findings are crucial for influencing practice and policy change that will reduce the education system's contribution to disproportionate minority contact with the juvenile justice system. Several key policy recommendations will be made, such as implementing comprehensive, sustainable restorative practices departments and making space for SEL.

The Use of Solitary Confinement in the Correctional Setting

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Criminal Justice)
Presenters: Tyler Case
Faculty Sponsor:  Francesca Spina

The use of solitary confinement within correctional facilities has remained a widely debated and questioned practice, prompting concerns about its effectiveness as a punitive measure and its impact on inmates’ mental health and overall well-being. This poster explores the historical roots, psychological consequences, and implications of solitary confinement, particularly focusing on its prevalence in supermax prisons. Drawing upon research and empirical evidence, my poster delves into the detrimental effects of prolonged isolation, including the exacerbation of pre-existing mental health conditions and the development of new mental health issues amongst inmates. Furthermore, the physical implications, such as disruptions/delays in motor skills and immune functions, are examined alongside behavioral consequences, such as increased risk of violence and self-harm. Despite arguments in favor of solitary confinement, citing institutional safety and protection of vulnerable inmates, legislative reform and international guidelines have emphasized the need for humane treatment and the reduction of adverse effects. My research further underscores the importance of alternative strategies prioritizing community reintegration, rehabilitation, advocacy for switching to an approach that upholds human dignity within the criminal justice system. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and legislation, this study contributes to the ongoing discussion surrounding solitary confinement. 

Death Penalty and Mental Illness

Subject: Critical Interpretation Project (Criminal Justice)
Presenters: Travis Bambino
Faculty Sponsor:  Francesca Spina

The purpose of this research is to assist in determining whether or not someone is deemed fit to be punished by the death penalty if they are mentally ill. Mental illness is something very difficult to determine if someone should or should not receive the death penalty because there are so many different mental illnesses and aspects of mental illness that it can vary from person to person. The death penalty has been a controversial topic for many years across society. Mental illness only adds more controversy to the death penalty because some people are not mentally fit to understand their actions and the punishment that comes along with the crime that they have committed. It takes lots of research multiple psychiatrists/therapists and assistance from the Supreme Court to determine where the line is drawn for someone who suffers from mental illness that understands their actions, the process, and the punishment they will receive. I conducted my research by analyzing literature reviews and multiple case studies that addressed the issue of the death penalty being inflicted on the mentally ill. I also reviewed multiple Supreme Court cases that involved the death penalty and mental illness and states that have changed their laws to try and be more accommodating to the mentally ill. These studies have examined the discrepancies and flaws within the Criminal Justice system when it comes to dealing with mental illness and the correct ways to handle severe crimes that were committed by people with mental illness. This research is extremely important in determining the best solutions for people suffering from severe mental illness who have been sentenced to death for the crimes they have committed.

Impacts of Mental Health Faced by Police Officers

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Criminal Justice)
Presenters: Jada Hightower
Faculty Sponsor:  Francesca Spina

Ensuring the mental well-being of police officers is essential for maintaining a resilient and effective law enforcement workforce. This poster examines the challenges faced by police departments in providing adequate mental health support to officers and suggests strategies for improvement. Drawing from individual experiences, practical research, and case studies it highlights the prevalence of mental health issues among police officers, heightened by factors such as exposure to traumatic events, job stressors, and societal expectations. The poster emphasizes the need for proactive measures to address these challenges, including additional mental health training, routine check-ins, confidential counseling services, and job redesign strategies. Furthermore, it explores the impact of external stressors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and major disasters, on officers' mental health and job commitment. By recognizing the importance of mental well-being in law enforcement and implementing targeted interventions, police departments can promote a healthier work environment, enhance officers' job satisfaction and performance, and ultimately improve public safety.

Growth of Cybercrime

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project (Criminal Justice)
Presenters: Amarion Brooks
Faculty Sponsor:  Francesca Spina

The purpose of this poster is to look at and examine the growing phenomenon of cybercrime. Cybercrime is a growing problem for not only the US but also the entire world. It has been challenging for law enforcement to prevent cybercrime domestically and internationally. This poster looks at the research that has been conducted on cybercrime to try to understand it. It approaches the topic from the perspective of the three components of the criminal justice system: police, courts, and corrections. Also, this poster examines why people are starting to commit more cybercrimes. It analyzes different theories to try and narrow down what criminal theories could explain cybercrime. A couple of theories that will be looked at are Strain Theory and Routine Activities Theory (RAT). There will also be some case studies that will show some proof of why cybercrime is so prevalent in today’s day and age.

 Negative Effects of Gambling

Subject:  Critical Interpretation (Criminal Justice)
Presenters: Matthew Robinson
Faculty Sponsor:  Francesca Spina

The purpose of this research is to identify the harmful effects of gambling and to identify warning signs and implement preventive measures. With gambling on the rise, concerns about its negative consequences have grown, fueling a widespread range of its risks. Over the years, more and more people have been getting hurt because of gambling addiction. To understand how bad gambling can be, I looked at a lot of literature reviews and real life stories of people who have been negatively affected by gambling. I wanted to see if there were any signs that could tell us when someone might be in trouble. I found that gambling addiction can really mess up people's lives. But there are ways to help prevent this from happening. By using techniques and strategies we can figure out who might be at risk of getting addicted to gambling and try to stop it before it gets worse. This research is crucial because it helps us understand how dangerous gambling can be on a society and a generation. And the drastic measures we need to take to combat gambling.

Diversity In Law Enforcement

Subject:  Critical Interpretation Project  (Criminal Justice)
Presenters: Samuel Ssemakula
Faculty Sponsor:  Francesca Spina

Diversity in law enforcement is a hot topic these days and for good reasons. This abstract explores the significance of diversity within law enforcement agencies and why it matters in law enforcement, exploring how it impacts things like community trust, communication, and overall effectiveness. By looking at both the challenges and benefits of diversity in policing, we can gain a better understanding of how law enforcement agencies can reflect the communities they serve and build stronger connections with them. This abstract explores a comprehensive review of scholarly literature, government reports, and studies to analyze the role of diversity in law enforcement. However, challenges such as systemic biases, recruitment and retention issues, and organizational resistance to change pose barriers to achieving diversity within law enforcement agencies. There's a lot we can learn about making law enforcement more diverse and inclusive, and this abstract aims to shed light on those important conversations.